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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release
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Enzymatically Triggered Drug Release from Microgels Controlled by Glucose Concentration.

Klaudia Kaniewska1,2, Marcin Mackiewicz2, Oleh Smutok3

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura, Warsaw, PL 02-093, Poland.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|October 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study developed smart microgels that release drugs in response to glucose levels. These glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified poly(acrylic acid) microgels show potential for targeted drug delivery.

Keywords:
drug releaseenzymeglucosepH-sensitive systemsmart microgels

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Smart drug delivery systems are crucial for modern medicine.
  • Controlled release mechanisms are needed for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
  • Enzymatically responsive materials offer novel drug delivery strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and characterize glucose-responsive microgels for controlled drug release.
  • To investigate the influence of glucose concentration and buffer conditions on drug release kinetics.
  • To evaluate the potential of these microgels for targeted delivery utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid) microgels modified with glucose oxidase (GOx).
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) for size analysis.
  • In vitro drug release studies using doxorubicin (DOX) under varying glucose and buffer concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized p(AA-BIS)-GOx microgels with an average size of ~130 nm.
  • Observed glucose-triggered changes in microgel size and significant doxorubicin release dependent on glucose and buffer concentrations.
  • Demonstrated higher drug release at elevated glucose concentrations (25 mM vs 5 mM) in specific buffer conditions, mimicking tumor microenvironments.

Conclusions:

  • The developed GOx-modified microgels exhibit controlled, enzymatically triggered drug release.
  • Release profiles are tunable by glucose and buffer concentrations, showing promise for localized delivery.
  • These microgels hold potential for cancer therapy via the EPR effect, leveraging tumor-specific glucose levels.