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Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree Analysis

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Published on: January 17, 2016

Pedigree reconstruction based on genotype data in chickens.

Yan Zhou¹, Qunpu Wang¹, Qiulian Wang¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

Poultry Science

|October 2, 2024

Summary

Accurate chicken pedigrees can be reconstructed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and identity by descent (IBD) calculations. This method improves parentage assignment accuracy, crucial for efficient genetic breeding programs.

Keywords:

SNP genomic relationship identity-by-descent parentage assignment pedigree reconstruction

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

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Area of Science:

Animal Genetics
Genomics
Quantitative Genetics

Background:

Pedigree errors are common in commercial chicken breeding, impacting genetic management.
Genomic selection offers a powerful tool for reconstructing accurate pedigrees.

Purpose of the Study:

To reconstruct chicken pedigrees using SNP markers.
To evaluate the effectiveness of Identity by Descent (IBD) versus genomic relatedness for parentage assignment.

Main Methods:

Detected high-quality SNPs from 2866 parent-offspring pairs.
Calculated genomic relationship and IBD values.
Assessed pedigree reconstruction accuracy based on SNP number and minor allele frequency (MAF).

Main Results:

IBD values clearly distinguished parent-offspring pairs from non-parent-offspring pairs.
Pedigree reconstruction accuracy increased with SNP number and MAF.
99% accuracy achieved with 350 SNPs (MAF 0.01); 100% accuracy with 700 SNPs (MAF 0.05).

Conclusions:

Accurate chicken pedigrees can be constructed using low-density SNP markers and IBD.
IBD is a suitable metric for improving genetic breeding program efficiency and accuracy.
This approach enables cost-effective parentage verification systems.