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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System

Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to produce and transport sperm. The epididymis, vasa deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra are the accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation. These ducts play a critical role in the production and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle....

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Transcorporal Artificial Urinary Sphincter Cuff Placement in a Case Requiring Revision for Urethral Atrophy

Transcorporal Artificial Urinary Sphincter Cuff Placement in a Case Requiring Revision for Urethral Atrophy

Published on: June 16, 2022

Urethral duplication associated with epispadias: Case report.

Tafese Gudissa Merga¹, Hana Abebe Gebreselassie¹, Mohamed Ahmed¹

¹Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports

|October 2, 2024

Summary

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly, extremely rare when associated with male epispadias. Careful surgical identification of the functional urethra is key for good outcomes in these complex cases.

Keywords:

Epispadias Urethral duplication Urinary incontinence

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Transcorporal Artificial Urinary Sphincter Cuff Placement in a Case Requiring Revision for Urethral Atrophy

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Published on: November 30, 2010

Area of Science:

Pediatric Urology
Congenital Anomalies
Surgical Management

Background:

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital urinary tract anomaly.
Association with male epispadias is exceptionally uncommon.
Clinical presentations vary widely, often leading to missed diagnoses.

Observation:

A 4-year-old male presented with urinary incontinence.
Diagnosis revealed urethral duplication with penopubic epispadias.
Successful surgical repair involved epispadias repair with urethral advancement.

Findings:

Urethral duplication in epispadias patients is frequently missed preoperatively and intraoperatively.
Management requires identifying the functional urethra for optimal surgical planning.
Outcomes are generally favorable, better than with bladder exstrophy epispadias.

Implications:

Emphasizes the need for vigilant preoperative and intraoperative assessment for urethral duplication in male epispadias cases.
Highlights the importance of tailored surgical approaches based on specific anatomical variations.
Suggests that timely and accurate diagnosis can lead to improved functional outcomes for affected children.