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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Physics
  • High-Energy Astrophysics
  • Thunderstorm Electrodynamics

Background:

  • Thunderstorms produce gamma-ray glows, previously thought to be short-lived and localized phenomena.
  • These glows result from energetic electron acceleration in thundercloud electric fields and are linked to charge dissipation.
  • Prior observations were sporadic and lacked comprehensive spatial and temporal data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the full spatial and temporal extent of gamma-ray glow regions in thunderstorms.
  • To determine the frequency and characteristics of gamma-ray glow emissions.
  • To challenge the established quasi-stationary model of gamma-ray glows.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced detection techniques to measure gamma-ray emissions from tropical thunderstorms.
  • Analyzed extensive datasets to characterize the duration, spatial coverage, and temporal dynamics of glows.
  • Correlated gamma-ray emission patterns with thunderstorm convective structures.

Main Results:

  • Tropical thunderstorms emit gamma rays for extended periods (hours) over vast areas (thousands of square kilometers).
  • Gamma-ray emission is linked to deep convective cores but is non-uniform, with rapid fluctuations (1-10 seconds, sub-second).
  • The observed dynamics contradict the quasi-stationary model, resembling a 'boiling pot' behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma-ray glows from thunderstorms are more extensive and dynamic than previously understood.
  • The 'boiling pot' model better describes the behavior of these energetic phenomena.
  • This finding has implications for understanding atmospheric electricity and high-energy particle processes.