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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

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4D Printing Technology Based on Magnetic Intelligent Materials: Materials, Processing Processes, and Application.

Jingjing Lu^1,2,3, Hongchao Cui^1,2,3, Jiahao Xu^1,2,3

¹School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong Uninversity, Beijing, China.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

|October 3, 2024

Summary

Magnetically controlled 4D printing uses smart materials and magnetic fields to create shape-changing products. This technology offers diverse applications in medicine, electronics, and manufacturing.

Keywords:

3D printing 4D printing magnetic intelligent materials

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Engineering
Physics

Background:

4D printing builds upon 3D printing by incorporating a time dimension, enabling structures to change shape in response to stimuli.
Magnetically controlled 4D printing leverages advancements in magnetic smart materials and 3D printing for dynamic product manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the emerging field of magnetically controlled 4D printing.
To explore suitable magnetic intelligent materials and their programmability for this technology.
To summarize printing processes, platform optimization, and magnetic field profile distribution.

Main Methods:

Review of magnetic intelligent materials for 4D printing.
Analysis of material distribution presets in the printing process.
Discussion of magnetically controlled 4D printing platform optimization and magnetic field profile design.

Main Results:

Identification of various magnetic intelligent materials and their programmable characteristics.
Overview of methods for pre-setting material distribution.
Summary of advancements in optimizing printing platforms and magnetic field configurations.

Conclusions:

Magnetically controlled 4D printing is a multidisciplinary field with significant potential.
The technology requires systematic integration of mechanics, materials science, dynamics, physics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.
Promising applications exist in medical treatments, electronic flexible devices, and industrial manufacturing.