Enhancing autumn greenway walking experience: Exploring the combined effects of noise and thermal environment

The evaluation of outdoor green spaces is influenced by diverse sensory perceptions. Traffic noise and thermal conditions significantly impact greenway-walking satisfaction; their optimization is vital for improving user experience and encouraging outdoor engagement. The study examines a typical Beijing greenway during autumn, focusing on strategies to enhance the walking experience under the combined effects of noise and thermal environments through mobile measurements and surveys. The results show that: 1) The interplay between noise and thermal factors varies depending on the walking state. Upon arrival, an increase in noise significantly worsens thermal comfort; higher sound levels intensify warm thermal sensations, though this effect is not consciously perceived. Upon departure, the effect of noise on thermal perception is not obvious. In both walking states, thermal sensation significantly affects subjective noise perception, yet the trends of influence differ. Subjective noise loudness increases as thermal comfort worsens, showing significant correlation only upon departure. 2) During autumn greenway walks, acoustic factors exert a greater impact on Overall Environmental Satisfaction (OES), with subjective noise loudness being more influential than noise level, followed by air temperature (T_a). Greater noise decreases OES, while OES increases initially with T_a and then decreases. The integrated effects of noise-thermal factors on OES show significant changes. 3) To enhance the autumn greenway-walking experience, the advised parameters are A-weighted Sound Level (ASL) ≤ 59.12 dBA and 15.17 °C ≤ T_a ≤ 18.75 °C. Finally, three design strategies are proposed: reducing subjective noise loudness, differentiating design based on walking status and balancing acoustic-thermal perceptual preferences.