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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging
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Published on: October 9, 2012

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Single-atom editing with light.

Ellie F Plachinski1, Tehshik P Yoon1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel chemical reaction to replace oxygen atoms with nitrogen atoms in complex molecules. This nitrogen-for-oxygen substitution is valuable for synthesizing new chemical compounds.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Oxygen and nitrogen atoms play crucial roles in molecular structure and function.
  • Replacing oxygen with nitrogen can significantly alter a molecule's properties.
  • Existing methods for such transformations are limited, especially for complex structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new synthetic methodology for oxygen-to-nitrogen atom exchange.
  • To demonstrate the reaction's utility in modifying complex organic molecules.
  • To provide a valuable tool for medicinal chemistry and materials science.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel catalytic system.
  • Optimization of reaction conditions for efficient oxygen-to-nitrogen substitution.
  • Application of the reaction to various structurally complex substrates.

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Main Results:

  • Successful replacement of oxygen with nitrogen in a range of molecules.
  • High yields and selectivity achieved.
  • Demonstrated compatibility with diverse functional groups.

Conclusions:

  • A new, efficient reaction for oxygen-to-nitrogen substitution has been established.
  • This method offers a powerful approach for synthesizing nitrogen-containing compounds.
  • The reaction broadens synthetic possibilities in organic chemistry.