Seasonal dynamics of chemistry in an Arctic glacier-fed river

Arctic rivers, intricately linked to fjord systems, wield significant influence over the geochemical and biological dynamics of the upper Arctic Ocean, providing it with freshwater, nutrients, suspended particles, and potentially harmful pollutants. To comprehend the full picture of the Arctic ecosystem, it is crucial to understand how these rivers vary across regions and seasons, especially considering ongoing climate changes. However, comprehensive studies that address long-term observations and seasonal variations in Arctic rivers' geochemical composition remain scarce. In this study, we present comprehensive long-term investigations of the seasonal variations in elemental concentrations in Bayelva, a high Arctic glacier-fed river. By analyzing 224 surface water samples, collected during different seasons between 2011 and 2020, we elucidate the diverse influences of marine, geological and atmospheric factors on the river chemistry. Our findings underscore the importance of marine-influenced snowmelt in the early flow season, which leads to elevated concentrations of marine and trace elements in the runoff water at the onset of melting, with concentrations subsequently decreasing as the snow melting continues. Glacial meltwater dominates the river chemistry during the peak flow season, during which elemental concentrations are at their lowest. Late flow season exhibits high elemental concentrations, primarily driven by weathering processes. Additionally, heavy rain and freezing events play a crucial role in sudden alterations in river chemistry. We highlight the dynamic response of Arctic river systems to such environmental drivers as key players in transporting essential micro- and macro-nutrients, as well as potentially harmful pollutants to adjacent fjord systems. Given their susceptibility to climate change, continuous monitoring is essential for understanding future changes. This study provides data for a better foundation for accurate climate modeling of biogeochemical systems in the Arctic environment.