Molecular composition of skeletal muscle in infants and adults: a comparative proteomic and transcriptomic study

To gain a deeper understanding of skeletal muscle function in younger age and aging in elderly, identification of molecular signatures regulating these functions under physiological conditions is needed. Although molecular studies of healthy muscle have been conducted on adults and older subjects, there is a lack of research on infant muscle in terms of combined morphological, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. To address this gap of knowledge, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), morphometric analysis and assays for mitochondrial maintenance in skeletal muscle biopsies from both, infants aged 4-28 months and adults aged 19-65 years. We identified differently expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in adults compared to infants. The down-regulated genes in adults were associated with functional terms primarily related to sarcomeres, cellular maintenance, and metabolic, immunological and developmental processes. Thus, our study indicates age-related differences in the molecular signatures and associated functions of healthy skeletal muscle. Moreover, the findings assert that processes previously associated solely with aging are indeed part of development and healthy aging. Hence, combined findings of this study also indicate that age-dependent controls are crucial in muscle disease studies, as otherwise the comparative results may not be reliable.