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Salivary microbiota reflecting changes in subgingival microbiota.

Jae-Suk Jung1, Joong-Ki Kook2, Soon-Nang Park2

  • 1Department of Periodontology, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.

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|October 4, 2024
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Summary

Saliva microbiota mirrors changes in subgingival plaque, reflecting periodontal disease severity and treatment outcomes. This suggests saliva can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for monitoring periodontal health.

Keywords:
Filifactor alocisPorphyromonas gingivalisTannerella forsythiamicrobiotaperiodontal diseasesalivasubgingival plaque

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Periodontology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Subgingival plaque microbiota is a key factor in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
  • Periodontopathogenic bacteria are present in saliva, with distribution varying by disease severity.
  • The extent to which salivary microbiota reflects subgingival microbiota requires further analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if subgingival microbial shifts, based on periodontal disease severity and non-surgical treatment, are mirrored in saliva.
  • To assess the potential of saliva as a diagnostic tool for monitoring periodontal health.

Main Methods:

  • Collected subgingival and saliva samples from healthy controls and patients with gingivitis, moderate, and severe periodontitis.
  • Sequenced the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene for microbial analysis.
  • Analyzed microbial correlations between subgingival plaque and saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Main Results:

  • Saliva exhibited higher alpha diversity but significant beta diversity differences compared to subgingival plaque.
  • Salivary microbiota composition, including key health- and periodontitis-associated species, strongly correlated with subgingival plaque.
  • Non-surgical treatment led to significant reductions in specific bacterial phyla, genera (e.g., Porphyromonas, Treponema), and species (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis) in saliva.

Conclusions:

  • Salivary microbiota composition accurately reflects changes in subgingival microbiota.
  • Saliva serves as a viable, non-invasive diagnostic medium for monitoring periodontal disease status and treatment response.
  • These findings support the use of salivary diagnostics in routine periodontal care.