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Daily snuff use during pregnancy, gestational length and birth weight; register-based study.

Rolv T Lie1,2, Maria C Magnus3, Håkon K Gjessing4,3

  • 1Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. rolv.lie@uib.no.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
|October 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Daily snuff use during pregnancy significantly reduces gestational length by over three days. While snuff use impacts birth weight, smoking shows a more pronounced effect, suggesting factors beyond nicotine are involved.

Keywords:
Birth weightGestational lengthMaternal smokingMaternal snuff usePregnancySmokeless tobacco

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Snuff, a smokeless tobacco product, is prevalent in Scandinavia and increasingly used by women of reproductive age.
  • Persistent snuff use during pregnancy is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Distinguishing between occasional and daily snuff use is crucial for understanding its impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the association between the frequency of maternal snuff use and gestational length.
  • To determine the impact of maternal snuff use on birth weight.
  • To compare the effects of snuff use versus cigarette smoking on pregnancy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from Norway's Medical Birth Registry for pregnancies in 2020-2021.
  • Employed quantile regression to analyze associations between snuff use and gestational length/birth weight at term.
  • Adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, and parity, and compared outcomes based on maternal snuff and cigarette use.

Main Results:

  • Daily snuff use in the last trimester was associated with a median reduction of 3.4 days in gestational length.
  • A median reduction of 44g in term birth weight was observed with daily snuff use through the last trimester.
  • Mothers who smoked daily had significantly shorter gestational length (2.1 days reduction) and lower birth weight (294g reduction) compared to non-smokers.

Conclusions:

  • Daily snuff use throughout the last trimester of pregnancy is linked to a significant reduction in gestational length.
  • Snuff use affects birth weight, though less dramatically than smoking, indicating other components in cigarettes may be more detrimental to fetal growth.
  • The findings suggest that factors other than nicotine, such as toxic chemicals or reduced oxygen supply from smoking, play a larger role in inhibiting fetal growth.