The under-recognition and significance of frailty syndrome - a geriatric and forensic conundrum

Frailty syndrome occurs in elderly individuals with declining muscle mass (sarcopenia), unintentional weight loss, decreasing physical strength and activity, exhaustion, and slow ambulation. It significantly increases morbidity and mortality with cardiovascular, renal disease and neurological disorders, osteoporosis and fractures, endocrine and immunological dysfunction and a variety of malignancies. It is increasing in incidence as the population ages. However, unfortunately as identification relies on clinical and not pathological evaluations, its contribution to a wide range of comorbidities and its role in terminal episodes may not be recognized in a forensic context.