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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines01:19

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

8.5K
In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is...
8.5K
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:19

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

4.1K
In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule: a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a parent ion with an odd molecular weight. The remaining fragments have an even mass.
Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit...
4.1K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

22.0K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
22.0K
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

2.5K
The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’...
2.5K
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

4.2K
Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
4.2K
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

272
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
272

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Amide groups in 3.7 billion years old liquid inclusions.

Magnus August Ravn Harding1,2, Austin Jarl Boyd3, Sandra Siljeström4

  • 1Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. magnus.harding@sund.ku.dk.

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|October 5, 2024
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Ancient carbon in Greenland

Keywords:
AFM-IREarly lifeFluid inclusionIsua Supracrustal Belt

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Astrobiology
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Depleted carbon isotope ratios (down to -25.6‰ VPDB) in 3.7-billion-year-old Isua Supracrustal Belt sediments suggest potential early life.
  • Graphitic inclusions in Isua garnets show associations with biogenic elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To chemically characterize liquid inclusions within Isua garnets.
  • To investigate the origin of carbonaceous material in ancient metamorphic sediments.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
  • AFM-based infrared spectroscopy
  • Optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Main Results:

  • Liquid inclusions contain functional groups of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, resembling amide groups.
  • These amide groups likely formed from volatile components released during graphitization of kerogenous material.
  • Inclusion chemistry is consistent with biogenic precursor material.

Conclusions:

  • The chemical composition of liquid inclusions supports a biogenic origin for the carbonaceous material.
  • Combined with previous findings, this study strengthens the evidence for the Isua metasediments representing Earth's oldest life traces.