Interfacial modulation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene using functionalized cellulose nanofibrils for enhanced electrochemical...

Electrochemical actuators (ECAs) with low voltage actuation and large deformation ranges generally require electrode materials with high ion kinetic energy transport, high charge storage, and excellent electrochemical-mechanical properties. However, the fabrication of such actuators remains a major challenge. In the present work, hybrid electroactive films were fabricated by self-assembling one-dimensional functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with two-dimensional MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x). The obtained ECA actuators fabricated by carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (consisting of -CH₂COO^-surface groups) with Ti₃C₂T_x integrate excellent curvature (0.1041 mm^-1), mechanical strength (21.68 MPa), a bending strain of 0.50 %, and a good actuation displacement of 9.3 mm at a low voltage range of -0.6 to 0.3 V. This may be attributed to the enlarged layer spacing (15.34 Å), which makes the embedding and transport of H⁺ easier, and excellent adaptivity of mechanical properties achieved by molecular-scaled strong hydrogen bonding, leading to better actuation performance. This study provides a potential research direction for the preparation of ECAs with large actuation deformation.