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Related Concept Videos

Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

209
Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

438
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

312
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
312
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers01:31

Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers

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Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is...
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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Contraception for women over 40: A comprehensive guide.

Michelle Emerson1, Alex Polyakov2

  • 1BMedSci, MBBS, Reproductive Biology Fellow, Reproductive Services Unit, The Royal Women@s Hospital, Melbourne, Vic.

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Women in their 40s need personalized contraception due to significant reproductive changes. Optimal choices balance effectiveness, benefits, and risks, adapting over time for evolving health needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Contraception
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Women in their 40s face significant reproductive health shifts.
  • Need for personalized contraception to prevent high-risk pregnancies and manage health changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Examine optimal contraceptive methods for women aged 40 and above.
  • Consider effectiveness, usability, non-contraceptive benefits, side effects, and contraindications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current contraceptive options and guidelines.
  • Analysis of suitability based on family planning status, health conditions, and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives, sterilization, and progestogen-only methods are preferred for those who have completed childbearing.
  • Hormonal contraceptives offer benefits for menstrual disorders, bone health, and menopausal symptom management.

Conclusions:

  • Contraceptive choices must be individualized for women in their 40s.
  • Regular reviews and adaptations are crucial to align with changing health and family planning needs.