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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
2.5K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.4K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.2K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.2K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Light-Driven, Reversible Spatiotemporal Control of Dynamic Covalent Polymers.

David Reisinger1, Alexander Sietmann2, Ankita Das3

  • 1Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, Leoben, 8700, Austria.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a photoswitchable nitrogen superbase to control dynamic covalent polymer networks. This enables precise, light-triggered reshaping and micro-imprinting for advanced, sustainable materials.

Keywords:
dynamic covalent polymersmulti‐step micro‐imprintingmulti‐step reshapingphotopolymerizationphotoswitchable base catalystsreversible photoactivation

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dynamic covalent polymer networks offer repairability and recyclability, essential for sustainable materials.
  • Conventional networks lack controlled reorganization capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for spatially resolved and reversible control over dynamic bond exchange in polymers.
  • To enable advanced applications like reversible reshaping and multi-step micro-imprinting.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a photoswitchable nitrogen superbase within a thiol-ene photopolymer system.
  • Applied UV and visible light to trigger associative exchange between thioester links and thiol groups.
  • Demonstrated local control over bond exchange and macroscopic material properties.

Main Results:

  • Achieved spatially resolved and reversible control over dynamic bond exchange using light.
  • Successfully modified macroscopic mechanical properties through local network reorganization.
  • Enabled advanced applications including reversible reshaping and multi-step micro-imprinting.

Conclusions:

  • The presented photoswitchable superbase concept fundamentally advances dynamic polymers.
  • This approach offers universal applicability in base-catalyzed covalent adaptable networks.
  • The technology facilitates the creation of sustainable, adaptable, and precisely controllable polymer materials.