Relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia: A multicenter case-control study

Introduction: Anemia, defined as a low hemoglobin level, is a common condition in pregnancy that can have adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcomes. Anemia can result from various causes, such as iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, hemolysis, or bleeding. The association between anemia and preeclampsia is not fully understood, but some studies have suggested that anemia may increase the risk of developing preeclampsia, especially in women with iron deficiency or chronic inflammation. Objective: To assess the association of anemia during pregnancy and the risk of developing preeclampsia. Study Design and Setting: A multicenter unmatched case-control study was conducted. The study was conducted from 2 December 2020 to 1 January 2021 in West and North Gojjam zone governmental hospitals, North West Ethiopia. A total of 337 pregnant women (113 cases and 224 controls) who consented verbally and attended antenatal or delivery services were enrolled in the study. Population: The participants of this study were mothers attending attended antenatal care and delivery services. Data Management: The analysis involved manual checking, data entry using EpiData Manager, and subsequent analysis using SPSS version 23, with logistic regression and p-values <0.05 determining statistical significance. Results: Being nonanemic, high consumption of fat related, mid-upper arm circumference ≥25.6 cm, frequent consumption of milk products, and fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A were found to be factors associated with the risk for developing preeclampsia. Conclusion and recommendations: Being nonanemic, diets that are characterized by a high intake of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and milk products were significantly associated with a low risk of preeclampsia. On the other hand, high intake of fatty foods and obesity were associated with the development of preeclampsia. Therefore, preventing anemia encouraging and promoting healthy eating habits during pregnancy by including vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables and milk products can effectively prevent the development of preeclampsia.