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Elemental replacement in two-dimensional (2D) oxides and hydroxides, known as isomorphous substitution or doping, allows for tailored material properties. This review highlights unique preparation, characterization, and applications of these 2D materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Partial replacement of structural elements in solids (isomorphous substitution/doping) modifies properties and imparts functionality.
  • This phenomenon is observed in nature (gemstones, clay minerals) and widely used in materials chemistry.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) oxides and hydroxides offer unique advantages over bulk counterparts due to their facile synthesis and structural versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize elemental replacement in 2D oxides and hydroxides, emphasizing their unique preparation, characterization, and applications.
  • To discuss the design of layered materials, such as layered double hydroxides and silicates, via isomorphous substitution for specific properties.
  • To explore the versatility of isomorphous substitution in layered transition metal oxides/hydroxides for tuning electronic structures and functionalities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on elemental replacement (isomorphous substitution, doping) in 2D oxides and hydroxides.
  • Analysis of preparation and characterization techniques unique to 2D materials compared to bulk.
  • Case studies on material design for photocatalytic applications using layered titanates and niobates.

Main Results:

  • Elemental replacement in 2D oxides and hydroxides enables precise control over material properties like catalytic and adsorptive capabilities.
  • Isomorphous substitution in layered double hydroxides, silicates, and clay minerals influences catalytic, adsorptive, and swelling properties.
  • Tuning band structures, doping with holes/electrons, and creating impurity levels are achievable through elemental replacement in layered transition metal oxides/hydroxides.

Conclusions:

  • Elemental replacement is a versatile strategy for designing functional 2D oxides and hydroxides with tailored properties.
  • The unique characteristics of 2D materials facilitate advanced applications through controlled elemental substitution.
  • Isomorphous substitution is crucial for developing next-generation materials, particularly for photocatalysis and ion exchange.