Assessing the Frequency of Congenital Heart Diseases Among Children in Eastern Afghanistan
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Published on: March 10, 2020
Abdul Ghafar Sherzad1, Ahmad Shakib Zalmai2, Imran Zafarzai2
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar, Afghanistan.
Insights
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is most common in infants under one year old, with patent ductus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot being frequent diagnoses. Rural children and males are disproportionately affected by CHD.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses structural and functional heart abnormalities, significantly impacting quality of life and survival.
- Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with CHD.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency of various congenital heart disease (CHD) types in children in Eastern Afghanistan.
- To analyze the distribution of CHD based on age, gender, and geographic region (rural vs. urban).
Main Methods:
- A retrospective hospital-based study involving 1323 CHD patients aged 0-18 years in Jalalabad, Afghanistan (July 2018 - June 2022).
- Data collected via echocardiography and analyzed using SPSS v27.0.
- Non-probability convenience sampling was employed.
Main Results:
- Males constituted 60.4% of cases; 86.4% of diagnoses were in children under one year old.
- Acyanotic CHD (86.5%) was more prevalent than cyanotic CHD (13.5%). Most common acyanotic lesions included patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and atrial septal defect (ASD). Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was the most frequent cyanotic lesion.
- Rural populations (78.9%) showed a higher incidence of CHD compared to urban populations (21.1%).
Conclusions:
- Over 85% of diagnosed CHD cases occurred in children under one year, with PDA, VSD, ASD, and TOF being the most common.
- CHD frequency was higher in rural areas and affected more males than females.
- Emphasizes the crucial role of early identification and treatment of CHD to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Background:
Congenital heart disease (CHD), characterized by anatomical and functional abnormalities of the heart, can impair an individual's quality of life and, if not treated with appropriate interventions, it can result in early death. Morbidity and mortality from CHD are greatly reduced by early diagnosis and timely therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the frequency of various forms of CHD among affected children in Eastern Afghanistan considering age, gender, and region of distribution (countryside and city).
Patients And Methods:
A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted on 1323 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CHD who were referred for echocardiography to public and private hospitals in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, from July 2018 to June 2022. Patients from day one of life till 18 years were included. The study participants were chosen using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 27.0.
Results:
In this study, males comprised 60.4% of the participants, while females made up 39.6%. More than three-quarters (86.4%) of the diagnoses were in children below 1 year of age. 86.5% of them were patients with acyanotic, and 13.5% had cyanotic CHD. The most common acyanotic heart disease was patent ductus arteriosus (PDA; 252.6%), followed by ventricular septal defect (VSD; 18.4%) and atrial septal defect (ASD; 8.5%). The most frequent cyanotic heart disease was Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). 79.9% of the total cases were patients with simple CDH lesions, and 20.1% had complex CHD lesions. In addition, participants from rural areas had a higher (78.9%) frequency of CHD compared to those from urban areas (21.1%).
Conclusion:
The study concluded that over 85% of CHD-diagnosed cases were under 1 year of age, with PDA, VSD, ASD, and TOF being the most commonly diagnosed acyanotic and cyanotic lesions. Participants from rural residence had a higher frequency of CHD compared to those from urban residence. Additionally, our study found that more males were affected by CHD compared to females. In order to avoid serious complications, reduce mortality, and improve quality of life, early identification and correction of disease is crucial.
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