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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Closed-loop chemically recyclable covalent adaptive networks derived from elementary sulfur.

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This study introduces sulfur-rich polymers made from industrial waste. These new polymers are recyclable and transparent, offering advanced applications and upcycling opportunities.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Sulfur-rich polymers offer innovative industrial waste valorization.
  • Current polysulfide networks use diene crosslinkers, creating stable C-S bonds that impede degradation.
  • Limited reprocessability and recyclability hinder the widespread application of sulfur-based polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore anionic ring-opening copolymerization of S8 and cyclic disulfides.
  • To develop robust, high molecular weight sulfur-rich copolymers.
  • To enhance reprocessability, mechanical adaptability, and optical transparency of sulfur polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Anionic ring-opening copolymerization of elemental sulfur (S8) and cyclic disulfides.
  • Incorporation of polysulfide segments into polymer networks.
  • Utilizing dynamic disulfide crosslinking for reversible S-S cleavage.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized robust sulfur-rich copolymers with high molecular weight.
  • Achieved excellent reprocessability and mechanical adaptability due to activated crosslinked networks.
  • Obtained high optical transparency in the near-infrared region.
  • Demonstrated chemical closed-loop recyclability via reversible disulfide bond cleavage.

Conclusions:

  • An innovative inverse vulcanization strategy using dynamic disulfide crosslinkers was developed.
  • This approach enables advanced applications and upcycling of high-performance sulfur-rich polymers.
  • The study presents a sustainable pathway for sulfur polymer development and waste valorization.