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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA...
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro
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Transcript errors generate amyloid-like proteins in huwman cells.

Claire S Chung1, Yi Kou2, Sarah J Shemtov1

  • 1University of Southern California, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Los Angeles, USA.

Nature Communications
|October 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mistakes in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules produce amyloid-like proteins during aging. DNA damage, common in aging, exacerbates these errors, linking normal aging to age-related diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cellular aging
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Aging is associated with the buildup of amyloid-like proteins.
  • The molecular origins of these proteins are not fully understood.
  • Amyloid proteins are implicated in various age-related diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the production of amyloid-like proteins.
  • To explore the link between cellular errors, aging, and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein production in various human cell types (stem cells, neurons).
  • Examination of messenger RNA (mRNA) integrity and mutations.
  • Assessment of protein production following exposure to DNA damage.

Main Results:

  • Amyloid-like proteins are generated from errors in mRNA molecules across different human cell types.
  • These errors can produce known disease-causing mutant proteins and novel ones.
  • The frequency of these mRNA errors increases with DNA damage, a hallmark of aging.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular mistakes in mRNA processing contribute to the accumulation of amyloid-like proteins.
  • Increased DNA damage during aging amplifies these errors, creating a mechanistic link to age-related diseases.