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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells
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Quantifying Spatiotemporal Parameters of Cellular Exocytosis in Micropatterned Cells

Published on: September 16, 2020

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The exocyst in context.

Sasha Meek1, Altair C Hernandez1, Baldomero Oliva1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|October 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The exocyst complex, crucial for cellular trafficking, tethers vesicles to membranes. Understanding its dynamic structure across different experimental contexts is key to elucidating its complex exocytosis mechanism.

Keywords:
evolutionary cell biologyexocystexocytosisstructural cell biology

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • The exocyst is a hetero-octameric complex essential for exocytosis, physically linking secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane.
  • It serves as a convergence point for regulatory proteins, motor proteins, lipids, and SNARE proteins in the exocytosis pathway.
  • Despite known interactions, the exocyst's broad and flexible role in exocytosis remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss experimental contexts used to study the exocyst's structure and function.
  • To highlight the need for studying the exocyst's dynamical structures in environments mimicking native conditions.
  • To explore future directions for investigating the exocyst's molecular mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural studies on isolated in vitro exocyst.
  • Analysis of membrane reconstitution assays for in vitro exocyst functionality.
  • Examination of in situ imaging techniques and evolutionary contexts for near-native structural dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Structural breakthroughs have been achieved for the isolated exocyst in vitro.
  • Membrane reconstitution assays have revealed in vitro exocyst functionality.
  • In situ and cross-context investigations are emerging as critical for understanding exocyst dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Studying the exocyst across diverse experimental contexts, from in vitro to in situ, is vital.
  • Understanding the exocyst's dynamic structure in near-native conditions is essential for elucidating its multi-functional role in exocytosis.
  • Future research should integrate various techniques to capture the exocyst's complex behavior.