Chlorophyll to zeaxanthin energy transfer in nonphotochemical quenching: An exciton annihilation-free transient...

Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a key component in the energy-dependent, rapidly reversible, nonphotochemical quenching process (qE) that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting. Previous transient absorption (TA) studies suggested that Zea can participate in direct quenching via chlorophyll (Chl) to Zea energy transfer. However, the contamination of intrinsic exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) makes the assignment of TA signal ambiguous. In this study, we present EEA-free TA data using Nicotiana benthamiana thylakoid membranes, including the wild type and three NPQ mutants (npq1, npq4, and lut2) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. The results show a strong correlation between excitation energy transfer from excited Chl Q_y to Zea S₁ and the xanthophyll cycle during qE activation. Notably, a Lut S₁ signal is absent in the npq1 thylakoids which lack zeaxanthin. Additionally, the fifth-order response analysis shows a reduction in the exciton diffusion length (L_D) from 62 ± 6 nm to 43 ± 3 nm under high light illumination, consistent with the reduced range of exciton motion being a key aspect of plants' response to excess light.