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Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Assessing AudaxCeph®'s cephalometric tracing technology versus a semi-automated approach for analyzing severe Class
Katherine O'Friel1, Andrew Chapple2, Richard Ballard1
1Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, LSU Health New Orleans, 1100 Florida Avenue, 70119 New Orleans, LA, USA.
Objective:
To evaluate the accuracy and precision of the AudaxCeph® fully automated software in identifying cephalometric landmarks on lateral cephalograms of Class II and Class III skeletal relationships, comparing its performance against experienced orthodontists using manual tracing within the same software environment.
Material And Methods:
Sixty cephalograms depicting severe Class II or Class III skeletal discrepancies were assessed by two board-certified orthodontists and AudaxCeph®'s artificial intelligence automatic tracing software. Among these, 40 cases were classified as Class II and 20 as Class III. An X-Y axis was established at the bottom left corner of each cephalogram, and subsequent X and Y coordinates for the landmarks were exported to Excel. Thirteen cephalometric landmarks were identified and used for comparing manual and automatic tracing methods, with no alteration of landmark positions post-tracing. Measures of the X coordinate, Y coordinate, and radial distance for each landmark were compared using t-tests for equivalence with a 2mm margin, both against AudaxCeph®'s positions and intra-operator reliability.
Results:
Analysis revealed that while most operator measurements closely approximated AudaxCeph® values, discrepancies exceeding 2mm were notable at Gonion and Porion landmarks. Slight variability was noted in one instance during intra-examiner evaluation at the Gonion landmark.
Conclusions:
This study concludes that AudaxCeph®'s artificial intelligence-driven automatic tracing of cephalograms offers a reliable and accurate method for orthodontic treatment planning across various skeletal types and severities. On average, it exhibits minimal discrepancies exceeding 2mm compared to manual operators, with notable variations observed primarily at the Gonion and Porion landmarks. While AudaxCeph® is an acceptable tool for cephalometric landmark location, it's accuracy still require the practitioner to verify some less reliable landmark locations.
