A red cell membrane-camouflaged nanoreactor for enhanced starvation/chemodynamic/ion interference therapy for breast...

In this study, a multifunctional Cu-doped CaO₂ nanoreactor loaded with GOx and camouflaged with a folic acid-modified cell membranewas developed for breast cancer treatment. The as-developed composite nanoreactor showed a synergistic effect on calcium overload to damage mitochondria, thus killing tumor cells to achieve ion interference therapy (IIT). The loaded GOx could deplete glucose to "starve" tumor cells. The H₂O₂ released by CaO₂ decomposition and enzyme catalytic reactions from GOx could not only be highly toxic in the tumor microenvironment but also enhance the efficiency of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) with Cu²⁺. The red blood cell membranes modified by folic acid achieved a combination of active targeting and passive targeting, thereby enhancing the targeting ability of the as-prepared multifunctional composite nanoreactor and prolonging its retention time at the tumor sites for more than 48 h.