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COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake Among Firefighters: An Application of the Health Belief Model
Stephanie A Hooker1, Jeanette Y Ziegenfuss, Jule Muegge
1From the Division of Research and Evaluation, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.A.H., J.Y.Z., J.M., J.M.D., Z.J.M.); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.A.H.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.W.Z.); Occupational and Environmental Medicine Residency, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.D., A.M.N., Z.J.M.); and School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Z.J.M.).
Objective:
The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 vaccination prevalence and explore whether health beliefs were associated with vaccination among firefighters.
Methods:
A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to Minnesota firefighters in March-April 2022. Survey questions included demographics, vaccination status, and beliefs about COVID-19 and vaccines.
Results:
Of the survey respondents ( n = 974, 91% male, 89% White), 76% were fully vaccinated and 53% were boosted. Firefighters were less likely to be vaccinated if they reported more perceived barriers (OR = 0.42, P < 0.001), greater decision-making ease (OR = 0.42, P < 0.001), and greater autonomy (OR = 0.65, P = 0.04). Greater perceived benefits (OR = 2.63, P < 0.001) and social norms (OR = 2.10, P < 0.001) were associated with a greater likelihood of being vaccinated. Similar results were seen predicting booster status.
Conclusions:
Firefighters had similar vaccination rates as the general population, despite high exposure risks. Health beliefs are strongly related to vaccination status.
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