Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

875
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
875
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

22.5K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
22.5K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

1
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
1
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

8.5K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
8.5K
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

2.4K
Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
2.4K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

7.0K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

RETRACTED: Zito Marino et al. AXL and MET Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Co-Expression as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. <i>J. Pers. Med.</i> 2022, <i>12</i>, 1993.

Journal of personalized medicine·2026
Same author

Pro-inflammatory intestinal Th17-cells are tissue-resident, accumulate in the epithelia in Crohn's disease, and predict unresponsiveness to vedolizumab.

Journal of Crohn's & colitis·2026
Same author

Plantar basal cell carcinoma: a rare location.

Italian journal of dermatology and venereology·2026
Same author

Post-mortem microbiology (PMM) as diagnostic tool in sudden unexpected childhood deaths.

Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)·2026
Same author

Calling for Diversity: Improving Transfusion Safety Through High-Throughput Blood Group Microarray Genotyping.

Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics·2026
Same author

Cord blood red cell concentrates for preterm neonate transfusion: Insights from the multicenter BORN trial.

Transfusion·2026
Same journal

Taphonomic analysis at Liang Bua reveals the behavioral and technological capabilities of <i>Homo floresiensis</i>.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

Targeting granule initiation and amyloplast structure to create giant starch granules in wheat.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

A meta-analysis of carbon losses and gains from tropical moist forest degradation and regeneration.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

Ancient DNA reveals elite dynastic rule among Iron Age Eurasian Steppe nomads.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

Targeting astrocytic Dp71 attenuates BBB disruption after traumatic brain injury through WTAP-associated m<sup>6</sup>A regulation of MMP2.

Science advances·2026
Same journal

Pancreatic α cells are required for nutrient homeostasis by regulating dynamic β cell networks in islets.

Science advances·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

68.5K

LINE1 modulate human T cell function by regulating protein synthesis during the life span.

Filippo V Burattin1,2, Rebecca Vadalà2, Michele Panepuccia1,3

  • 1Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan 20122, Italy.

Science Advances
|October 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal T cells are primed for rapid activation due to low LINE1 expression, which enhances protein synthesis. LINE1 levels increase with age, contributing to immune senescence by reducing protein synthesis.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

28.2K
Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

11.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

68.5K
Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

28.2K
Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
11:50

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

11.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Quiescent T cell reactivity in early life is poorly understood.
  • Previous work showed adult T cells express unique LINE1 isoforms, downregulated upon activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate LINE1's role in neonatal T cell quiescence and activation.
  • Explore LINE1's impact on T cell function across the human lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of LINE1 expression and splicing in neonatal T cells.
  • Assessment of energy production and protein synthesis pathways.
  • Correlation of LINE1 levels with T cell receptor/mTORC1 signaling and PTBP1 activity.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal T cells exhibit enhanced energy and protein synthesis, linked to absent LINE1 expression.
  • Absence of LINE1 is due to tonic signaling and PTBP1-mediated suppression.
  • LINE1 expression increases with age, correlating with decreased protein synthesis and immune senescence.

Conclusions:

  • LINE1 absence primes neonatal T cells for rapid activation by regulating protein synthesis.
  • LINE1 expression influences T cell function throughout human life, impacting immune senescence.