Access and care for people with opioid use disorder in U.S. skilled nursing facilities: A policy commentary

Referrals for people with opioid use disorder (OUD) to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are increasing in the United States (U.S.). Further, legal guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice states that people with OUD cannot be discriminated against by health care institutions because of OUD or treatment with medications for OUD (MOUD). As such, SNFs are an important touchpoint for initiating or continuing MOUD, particularly amid rising drug-related overdose deaths among older adults and because people with OUD experience frailty and other geriatric syndromes at younger chronological ages. Informed by research, clinical expertise, and lived experience, this commentary describes policy and practice opportunities to help address challenges faced by people with OUD in gaining access to care and MOUD in SNFs. We propose opportunities to intervene against barriers that impede SNF placement and access to MOUD for people with OUD, including further revisions to 42 CFR Part 8 regulations to extend waivers for certification as opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to SNFs, allowing them to administer and dispense methadone in the same way as hospitals. If passed, proposed federal changes under the Modernizing Opioid Treatment Act would eliminate the requirement for methadone to be dispensed through OTPs, offering another opportunity to improve access to methadone for SNF residents. Also, we propose national and state-level investment in mobile substance use disorder services and partnerships with OTPs and hospital-based addiction consult services. We also recognize the need for more compassionate attitudes toward people with OUD in healthcare settings and discuss opportunities to address stigma. Although people with OUD are referred to SNFs for skilled care needs and not specifically for OUD care, it is essential for SNFs to be prepared to continue MOUD. It is both legally mandated and imperative that people with OUD have access to high quality and equitable SNF care.