A review on Pd-M bimetallic electrochemical sensors: Techniques, performance, and applications

Environmental pollution, food safety, and medical diagnostics pose severe threats to human health, making the development of effective detection technologies crucial. Electrochemical sensors, as an efficient detection method, are extensively employed in detecting environmental pollutants, food additives, and biomolecules. Pd-M bimetallic materials, known for their excellent electrocatalytic performance, are extensively utilized as electrode modification materials. Although earlier reviews have covered the sensing applications of bimetallic materials, they have not targeted discussed Pd-based bimetallic materials. This paper systematically summarizes the preparation methods of Pd-M bimetallic materials, explores their structural and morphological regulation, and elaborates on their recent applications in pesticide detection, environmental pollutant detection, food additive detection, drug detection, and biosensing. It enumerates the detection performance of various Pd-M bimetallic material-modified electrochemical sensors for the aforementioned analytes in detail, including specific modification materials, linear range, detection limits, and sensitivity parameters.