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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.
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Related Experiment Video

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3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol
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Temporally distinct 3D multi-omic dynamics in the developing human brain.

Matthew G Heffel1,2, Jingtian Zhou3,4,5, Yi Zhang1

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Nature
|October 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how DNA methylation and chromatin structure change during brain development. These insights link genetic risk factors for schizophrenia to specific cell types in the developing brain.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The human hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are vital for cognition.
  • The molecular development of these brain regions is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate epigenomic and 3D chromatin reorganization during brain development.
  • To explore cell-type-specific regulatory programs and their link to neuropsychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized over 53,000 joint single-nucleus profiles of chromatin conformation and DNA methylation.
  • Employed single-nucleus methyl-3C sequencing (snm3C-seq).
  • Incorporated single-cell profiling and multimodal single-molecule imaging.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation remodeling is temporally distinct from chromatin conformation dynamics.
  • Short-range chromatin interactions are neuron-enriched; long-range interactions are glial/non-brain enriched.
  • Identified overlap between schizophrenia risk variants and cell-type-specific regulatory regions.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell 3D multi-omics is powerful for dissecting neuropsychiatric risk loci.
  • Provides multimodal resources for studying gene regulatory dynamics in brain development.
  • Reveals distinct chromatin interaction patterns in neurons versus glial cells.