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The magnitude and direction of a magnetic field created by a steady current can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Updated: Jun 11, 2025

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
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Magnetic Supraparticles as Identifiers in Single-Layer Lithium-Ion Battery Pouch Cells.

Sara Li Deuso1, Simon Ziegler2, Daniel Weber3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.

Chemsuschem
|October 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic supraparticles offer a robust method for contactless identification of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), crucial for recycling. This technology provides a durable alternative to optical labels, supporting battery passport requirements and sustainable material recovery.

Keywords:
Battery recyclingDigital product passportIdentificationMagnetic particle spectroscopySupraparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Recycling Technologies

Background:

  • Effective recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) requires accessible information, leading to the proposed digital battery passport.
  • Current identification methods using optical labels are susceptible to damage, hindering reliable data access for recycling.
  • The European battery regulation emphasizes machine-readable identifiers for battery information retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using magnetic supraparticles (SPs) for contactless identification of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery pouch cells.
  • To evaluate magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) as a method for discriminating between multiple battery cells based on unique magnetic codes.
  • To assess the influence of SP integration location on detection and potential cell performance impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of magnetic supraparticles (SPs) for labeling NMC battery pouch cells.
  • Utilizing magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) for contactless detection and identification of the SP-labeled cells.
  • Comparative analysis of SP integration at three different locations within a metallic environment.

Main Results:

  • Successful contactless identification of NMC battery pouch cells using magnetic supraparticles (SPs) and magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS).
  • Demonstrated ability to discriminate between multiple pouch cells based on unique magnetic codes imprinted by SPs.
  • Detection efficacy and impact on cell performance were found to be dependent on the SP integration location.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetic supraparticles (SPs) coupled with magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) offer a viable, damage-resistant alternative to optical labeling for battery identification.
  • This magnetic identification technology is effective even in challenging metallic environments, supporting the digital battery passport concept.
  • The findings lay the groundwork for advanced selective labeling technologies to enhance LIB recycling and promote sustainability.