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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

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Liver Cancer Etiology: Old Issues and New Perspectives.

Jian-Guo Chen1, Yong-Hui Zhang2, Jian-Hua Lu2

  • 1Qidong Liver Cancer Insititute, Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong, 226200, People's Republic of China. chenjg@ntu.edu.cn.

Current Oncology Reports
|October 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Liver cancer causes vary globally, with hepatitis B/C, aflatoxin, and alcohol as key factors. Emerging risks like metabolic dysfunction are rising in the West, while traditional factors persist in Asia and Africa.

Keywords:
EtiologyGeographic disparityLiver cancerProtective riskRisk factor

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) etiology is complex and multifactorial.
  • Understanding regional variations in risk factors is crucial for targeted prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on liver cancer causes.
  • To highlight geographical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle influences on liver cancer etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of epidemiological studies.
  • Synthesis of data on established and emerging liver cancer risk factors.
  • Analysis of regional disparities in causative agents.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses, aflatoxin, and alcohol are global contributors.
  • Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic syndrome are increasing in Western regions.
  • HBV and aflatoxin remain dominant risks in Asia and Africa.
  • Diet, obesity, diabetes, genetics, smoking, and alcohol contribute significantly across populations.
  • Coffee, tea, aspirin, fruits, and vegetables may offer protective effects, with variable efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Liver cancer etiology is geographically diverse, with distinct risk factor profiles.
  • Emerging metabolic risks necessitate updated public health strategies.
  • Integrated research combining epidemiology, genetics, and nutrition is vital.
  • Global collaboration and data sharing are essential for effective liver cancer control.