Evidence for phospholipid self-organisation in concentrated ammonia-water environments

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn is thought to have the potential to support primordial life. The surface of Titan contains bodies of liquid hydrocarbons, and modelling suggests that an ammonia-water ocean resides deep beneath the surface, both of which have been speculated to support primordial chemistry. Here we present the first evidence that both preformed and self-organised phospholipid vesicles remain stable and can maintain concentration gradients in ammonia-water environments; a fundamental requirement for primordial chemistry and biology to originate. We further reveal the remarkable stability of a diether phospholipid, such as those found in extremophilic bacteria, under these conditions and demonstrate that electron microscopy and tomography are useful tools to investigate macromolecular structure under diverse physico-chemical environments.