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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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  11. Interplay Of Calcium, Vitamin D, And Parathormone In The Milieu Of Infections And Immunity: Reassessed In The Context Of Covid-19

Interplay of calcium, vitamin D, and parathormone in the milieu of infections and immunity: Reassessed in the context of COVID-19

Upasana Bandyopadhyay1, Debanjana Sen2, Deepika Ahuja1

  • 1School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Khurda Road, Jatani, Odisha, India.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|October 10, 2024

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone influence COVID-19 progression. Understanding these interactions may help manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Virology
Keywords:
CalciumImmune evasionImmune responseParathormone

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Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes significant morbidity and mortality, with varied symptom severity.
  • Individuals with comorbidities and the elderly face higher risks of adverse outcomes.
  • Viral mutations necessitate adaptive therapeutic and preventive strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interplay between vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone.
  • To explore the potential influence of these factors on COVID-19 progression and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the physiological roles of vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involving these elements in the context of COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin D exhibits immunomodulatory functions.
  • Calcium ions are critical for cellular signaling and homeostasis.
  • Parathormone regulates serum calcium, often antagonistically to vitamin D.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate signaling of vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone may contribute to adverse COVID-19 prognosis.
  • Monitoring and managing these physiological factors could potentially alter disease outcomes.
  • A holistic approach is crucial for understanding and managing COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2
Vitamin D