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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

536
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
536
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

817
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
817
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

241
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
241
Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

249
Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:
249
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

117
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
117
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

392
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
392

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Current and Emerging Biologic Agents.

Joshua S Bernstein1, Jonathan A Bernstein1, David M Lang2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
|October 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) affects up to 50% of patients, with many unresponsive to antihistamines. This review explores advanced therapies beyond anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) for refractory CSU, targeting alternative mast cell activation pathways.

Keywords:
BTK inhibitorBiologicsC-kitChronic spontaneous urticariaDupilumabMRGPRX2Mast cellOmalizumabSiglec-6

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) affects up to 50% of patients.
  • Antihistamine treatment is ineffective in a significant portion of CSU cases.
  • Current anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) therapies have improved CSU management but do not address all refractory cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current anti-IgE and Th2-targeted therapies for CSU.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies for antihistamine-refractory CSU.
  • To investigate alternative pathways of mast cell activation in CSU.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anti-IgE and Th2-targeted therapies.
  • Exploration of novel CSU treatment targets.
  • Analysis of pathways for mast cell stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Refractory CSU cases suggest limitations of current therapies.
  • Alternative mast cell stimulation pathways offer new therapeutic avenues.
  • Novel targets include MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-6, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and KIT activation by SCF.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced therapies are needed for antihistamine-refractory CSU.
  • Targeting alternative mast cell activation pathways shows promise.
  • Future treatments may offer improved outcomes for severe CSU patients.