Precursor Ink Engineering to Implement Vacuum Extraction Method for Scalable Production of Perovskite Solar Cells

Engineering perovskite precursor ink to widen the processing window is crucial to obtaining uniform, compact, and pinhole-free perovskite films at scale using industrially relevant solution coating techniques. Here, we introduce a ternary solvent system and systematically investigate the impacts of coordinating solvents, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU), on the physical properties of the slot-die-coated perovskite films and on the corresponding device performance. Tailoring NMP and DMPU concentrations in the precursor ink allows us to control the perovskite intermediate phase formation and widen the processing window, enabling the reproducible production of perovskite films with high photoelectrical quality at scale. Using the optimized precursor ink, we demonstrate slot-die-coated perovskite minimodules with power conversion efficiencies of 19 and 16% on 56 and 100 cm² substrates, respectively.