Achieving Nepal's clean cooking ambitions: an open source and geospatial cost-benefit analysis
Camilo Ramirez1, Babak Khavari1, Alicia Oberholzer2
1Division of Energy Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
The Lancet. Planetary Health
|October 11, 2024
Summary
Transitioning to clean cooking in Nepal offers significant health and environmental benefits, with electric cooking providing the highest advantages. Spatially explicit roadmaps are crucial for effective, inclusive planning and investment.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Energy Policy
- Geospatial Analysis
Background:
- Household air pollution from traditional fuels causes severe health issues, gender inequality, and environmental damage.
- Despite government promotion, over 50% of Nepal's population uses traditional fuels, with electric cooking adoption below 1%.
- Geographical variations in clean cooking barriers necessitate spatially explicit planning for national transitions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a spatially explicit roadmap for estimating investments and benefits of a clean cooking transition in Nepal.
- To evaluate strategies for achieving the Government of Nepal's clean cooking vision using geospatial modeling.
- To identify optimal cooking technologies and fuels maximizing net benefits across Nepal.
Main Methods:
- Integrated geospatial modeling using the OnStove tool and spatial multicriteria analysis.
- Utilized up-to-date geospatial data (2023) including settlement layers, road networks, forest cover, and wealth index.
- Incorporated data from national energy agencies, census, and stakeholder preferences to evaluate four policy scenarios.
Main Results:
- Transitional and clean cooking technologies consistently yield higher net benefits than traditional options nationwide.
- A transition could avert ~9563 deaths annually and yield substantial benefits in emissions reduction, time savings, and health cost reduction.
- Electric cooking offers the highest benefits for the largest population segment; current subsidies for LPG may hinder energy security, suggesting a shift towards electric cooking tariffs.
Conclusions:
- Spatially explicit modeling provides nuanced insights for data-driven, integrated clean cooking transition planning.
- Prioritizing locations based on integrated planning balances affordability and vulnerability, ensuring inclusive strategies.
- This approach empowers financial institutions, donors, and government agencies to maximize impact with targeted resource allocation.
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