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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface science
  • Colloid and interface science

Background:

  • Bubble and drop interactions are crucial in physical phenomena but remain poorly understood.
  • Characterization devices often use frames to hold interacting bubbles or drops, creating a 'double bubble' or 'double drop' configuration.
  • The surface energy minimization of these configurations leads to complex shape spaces with various instabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a complete analysis of the shape spaces for double bubble/drop configurations held by frames.
  • To investigate the influence of adhesive energy (contact angle) on the stability of these systems.
  • To characterize the mechanical properties and instabilities of these fluid interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental studies with finite element simulations and theoretical analysis.
  • Systematically varied the contact angle (0°, 60°, 90°) to explore different adhesive energies.
  • Performed mechanical characterization using force and pressure measurements.

Main Results:

  • Generated comprehensive shape diagrams for double bubble/drop configurations at different contact angles.
  • Identified and analyzed four types of instabilities, including two previously unreported ones that break axisymmetry and connectivity.
  • Demonstrated excellent agreement between experimental, simulation, and theoretical results.
  • Included the analysis of capillary bridges between frames at a 90° contact angle.

Conclusions:

  • This work provides the first complete analysis of double bubble/drop shape spaces and their instabilities.
  • The findings offer guidance for exploiting double bubble/drop experiments in characterization devices.
  • The study opens possibilities for characterizing complex bubble and drop interactions using these configurations.