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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

84
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
84
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

141
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
141
Residual Stresses in Bending01:18

Residual Stresses in Bending

152
In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
152
Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

190
A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
190
Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

466
Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
466
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

252
Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
252

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Off-fault deformation feedback and strain localization precursor during laboratory earthquakes.

Gabriel G Meyer1, Carolina Giorgetti1,2, Simon Guérin-Marthe1

  • 1LEMR ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Communications Earth & Environment
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Off-fault deformation and strain localization precede earthquakes. This study links these phenomena to earthquake nucleation, suggesting they are reliable early warning signs.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Rock Mechanics

Background:

  • Seismological observations suggest off-fault strain localization and foreshock migration may precede earthquakes.
  • The precise mechanisms linking these precursors to earthquake nucleation remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between stick-slip nucleation and off-fault deformation.
  • To determine if off-fault deformation influences earthquake nucleation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted state-of-the-art friction experiments using an oil-confined biaxial shear apparatus.
  • Simulated earthquake nucleation and slip events under controlled laboratory conditions.

Main Results:

  • A direct link was found between stick-slip nucleation and off-fault deformation in conditionally unstable faults (a-b < 0).
  • Inelastic off-fault deformation was observed to decrease surrounding rock stiffness, promoting earthquake nucleation.
  • Precursory strain localization around the fault during stick-slip cycles was observed in laboratory experiments.

Conclusions:

  • Volumetric deformation processes are likely key factors in the nucleation of large earthquakes.
  • Observed strain localization serves as a reliable indicator for impending large earthquakes.