Cure Rates for Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenopathy after 6-month or 9-month Anti-tuberculous Therapy

The purpose of this prospective case series was to describe the difference in cure rates between a 6-month and a 9-month anti-tuberculous treatment regimen in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.

Thirty-eight consecutive participants were enrolled in the study. Thirty participants were ultimately analyzed at the end of six months, nine months, and 12 months using serial neck ultrasound to assess for the presence of lymphadenopathy. At the end of six months, participants with residual lymphadenopathy larger than 1 cm extended treatment to complete nine months of treatment.

Among the 30 participants who completed 6-month treatment, 63.3% (n=19) were cured while 36.7% (n=11) had residual lymphadenopathy and extended to 9-month treatment. At the end of 9-month treatment, 36.4% (n=4) were cured while 63.6% (n=7) had persistent lymphadenopathy greater than 1 cm on ultrasound. At 12 months, 15.8% (n=3) of those treated for six months and 45.5% (n=5) of those treated for nine months had recurrent/residual lymphadenopathy. There were no significant differences between cure rates for age, sex, concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis, the number of nodes, skin changes, TB-PCR results, and presence of paradoxical reaction whether at six or at 12 months.

Due to the low cure rates in this study, there was not enough evidence to support current recommendations of a 6-month treatment period for tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis or to claim its effectiveness over a longer treatment duration.