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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and signal-to-noise ratio for the analyte. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.
Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called collision-induced...
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Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:33

Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

6.4K
Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
This technique helps gather information regarding the protein from which the peptide was obtained and to study the peptides’ amino acid sequence. Identifying peptides from a complex mixture is an important component of the growing field of...
6.4K
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

1.3K
The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For...
1.3K
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

1.1K
An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a low-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.
To...
1.1K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.2K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.2K

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Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures
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Ion Source Complementarity for Characterization of Complex Organic Mixtures Using Fourier Transform Mass

Charlotte Mase1,2,3, Maxime Sueur1,2, Hélène Lavanant1,2

  • 1Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, Rouen, France.

Mass Spectrometry Reviews
|October 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review explores ionization sources for Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) to characterize complex organic mixtures. It details techniques like electrospray ionization (ESI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI) for molecular analysis.

Keywords:
complex organic mixtureshyphenationionization sourcesmass spectrometryultrahigh‐resolution

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Complex organic mixtures are prevalent across diverse scientific fields including energy, environment, health, planetology, and cultural heritage.
  • The intricate chemical composition of these mixtures presents significant challenges for molecular characterization.
  • Accurate molecular characterization is crucial for unlocking the extensive information held at the molecular level within these samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of key ionization sources used in Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) for analyzing complex organic mixtures.
  • To examine the direct introduction (DI) usage of various ionization techniques.
  • To discuss the application of these ionization methods when coupled with chromatographic separation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Electrospray ionization (ESI)
  • Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)
  • Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)
  • Atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI)
  • (Matrix-assisted) laser desorption ionization ((MA)LDI)

Main Results:

  • The review details the principles and applications of five major ionization sources in FT-MS.
  • It highlights the complementarity of these techniques in achieving comprehensive molecular characterization.
  • The study examines the performance of these sources in both direct introduction and hyphenated chromatographic setups (GC, LC, SFC).

Conclusions:

  • The selection of appropriate ionization techniques is critical for successful molecular characterization of complex organic mixtures using FT-MS.
  • Complementary use of different ionization sources enhances the depth and breadth of molecular information obtained.
  • Coupling ionization sources with chromatographic methods further improves separation and identification capabilities.