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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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A Latitudinal Gradient of Reference Genomes.

Ethan B Linck1, Carlos Daniel Cadena2

  • 1Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.

Molecular Ecology
|October 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global North disproportionately benefits from genomics research, leading to a scarcity of reference genomes for species-rich low-latitude regions. This biodiversity genomics gap hinders conservation efforts and requires improved international collaboration.

Keywords:
biodiversity genomicsconservation geneticsmacroecologytetrapods

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Biodiversity research

Background:

  • Global inequality and historical legacies create systematic biases in scientific knowledge production.
  • Research effort and funding in ecology are concentrated at high latitudes, contrasting with biodiversity hotspots in low latitudes.
  • Genomic advancements in phylogeography, molecular ecology, and conservation genetics demand significant resources and expertise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the latitudinal gradient of species richness in tetrapods is reflected in available reference genomes.
  • To determine if genomic sequencing approaches differ between the Global South and Global North.
  • To identify disparities in biodiversity genomics data and methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of available reference genomes for tetrapods in relation to species richness across latitudes.
  • Review of conservation genetics research published in leading journals over the past five years.
  • Comparative analysis of sequencing approaches used for taxa in the Global North versus the Global South.

Main Results:

  • Reference genomes are significantly underrepresented for species-rich low-latitude regions.
  • Reduced representation and whole-genome sequencing methods are disproportionately applied to taxa from the Global North.
  • A notable gap exists in genomic resources and research focus between high and low-latitude regions.

Conclusions:

  • The current landscape of biodiversity genomics reflects and potentially exacerbates global inequalities.
  • Addressing the scarcity of low-latitude reference genomes is crucial for effective global biodiversity research and conservation.
  • Enhanced international collaborations are essential to bridge the gap in biodiversity genomics and promote equitable research practices.