Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 10, 2025
10:23
Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
2.6K
Age-group-specific associations between adenoid/tonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial features
Liping Huang1, Liyuan Zheng2, Xiaobo Chen1
1Department of Orthodontics, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomotalogical Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361006, P.R. China.
BMC Oral Health
|October 14, 2024
Summary
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy impacts craniofacial development differently across age groups. Younger children (6-12 years) with adenoid hypertrophy show specific mandibular and skeletal patterns, which diminish by adolescence.
Area of Science:
- Orthodontics
- Pediatric Dentistry
- Otolaryngology
- Craniofacial Morphology
Background:
- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is common in children and can influence craniofacial development.
- The relationship between airway obstruction and facial growth is complex and may vary with age.
- Understanding these age-related associations is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy and craniofacial morphology.
- To analyze these associations across different pediatric age groups (6-15 years).
Main Methods:
- Lateral cephalograms analyzed from 942 children aged 6-15 years.
- Participants categorized into three age groups: 6-9, 9-12, and 12-15 years.
- Groups classified based on obstruction site: control, adenoid hypertrophy (AG), tonsillar hypertrophy (TG), and adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATG); cephalometric measurements performed and analyzed.
Main Results:
- In younger children (6-9 years), adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATG) and tonsillar hypertrophy (TG) correlated with increased mandibular height.
- At 9-12 years, adenoid hypertrophy (AG) showed a vertical growth direction, while TG and ATG were associated with Class III skeletal patterns.
- No significant associations were found between cephalometric measurements and pharyngeal lymphoid tissue enlargement in the 12-15 year age group.
Conclusions:
- Isolated adenoid hypertrophy is linked to vertical growth and Class III patterns in children aged 6-12 years.
- Combined adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy presents similar craniofacial patterns to isolated tonsillar hypertrophy.
- Age is a significant factor in the craniofacial changes associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Tonsillitis I: Introduction
212
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
212
01:23Chronic Pharyngitis
1.3K
Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
1.3K
01:29Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract
1.2K
The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
1.2K
01:22Sutures of the Skull
6.4K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
6.4K
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
2.1K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
2.1K
01:12The Hyoid Bone
1.8K
The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
1.8K