Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 10, 2025
Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another
Published on: September 18, 2017
Reducing phantom limb pain using phantom motor execution enabled by augmented and virtual reality: participants'
Els Keesom1, Kajsa Lidström-Holmqvist2,3, Max Ortiz-Catalan4,5,6,7
1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Purpose:
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a condition that greatly diminishes quality of life. Phantom motor execution (PME), enabled by myoelectric pattern recognition combined with virtual and augmented reality, is a novel treatment for PLP. Here we, aimed to describe patients' experiences of this treatment.
Material And Methods:
Qualitative, using semi-structured interviews one month after completed PME treatment. Twenty-one Swedish and Dutch patients (mean age 57, 16 males, 16 lower limb amputations) participated. The analysis followed the framework approach.
Results:
The main themes were 1) treatment effects on the perception of the phantom limb, 2) living with PLP before and after treatment, and 3) facilitators and barriers to treatment. Most participants learned to control their phantom limb, perceived it more positively and as more complete. This control over the phantom limb became a tool for managing PLP. Most participants' outlook on life and energy levels improved after treatment. Being mentally focused during treatment was important. Therapists were pivotal to the success of the treatment.
Conclusion:
Controlling the phantom limb improved their perception of it and pain management, self-agency, and quality of life. The therapists' role was invaluable. We suggest training for patients in phantom limb control before and after amputation.
