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Related Concept Videos

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

179
5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
179
Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

332
Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
166
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
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Rare but relevant: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

Daniel Stjepanović1, Julia Kirkman1, Wayne Hall1,2

  • 1National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)
|October 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a condition causing cyclical vomiting in chronic cannabis users, is often misdiagnosed. Hot water bathing may relieve symptoms, but effective treatments remain elusive.

Keywords:
CHSTHCcannabinoid hyperemesis syndromecannabiscase studyemergency department

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Toxicology
  • Cannabis Research

Background:

  • Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) affects frequent, chronic cannabis users.
  • Characterized by cyclical vomiting and gastrointestinal distress.
  • Often misdiagnosed, leading to delayed treatment and unnecessary investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and treating CHS.
  • To underscore the need for increased awareness of CHS.
  • To review current understanding of CHS aetiology and demographics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on case reports and chart reviews.
  • Analysis of existing data on CHS presentation and management.
  • Examination of trends in CHS cases related to cannabis regulation.

Main Results:

  • Standard anti-emetics are often ineffective for CHS.
  • Hot water bathing is a commonly reported symptom relief method.
  • Limited data exists on CHS aetiology, demographics, and cannabis use patterns.

Conclusions:

  • CHS requires wider recognition in emergency care and public health.
  • A standardized treatment protocol for CHS is currently lacking.
  • Increased cannabis accessibility may correlate with rising CHS cases.