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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
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Anatomical and molecular development of the human primary visual cortex.

Kathryn M Murphy1,2, Leanne Monteiro1

  • 1McMaster Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|October 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human primary visual cortex (V1) development is complex, with some aspects maturing early and others changing throughout life. This review synthesizes research on V1 maturation and neuroplasticity across the lifespan.

Keywords:
V1developmenthistologyhumanmolecularneuroanatomyplasticityvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroplasticity

Background:

  • Human primary visual cortex (V1) development is crucial for understanding brain maturation and neuroplasticity.
  • Contrasting theories exist: early maturation models versus extended plasticity into adulthood.
  • Classic histology suggests early development, while molecular studies indicate prolonged plasticity windows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate anatomical and molecular findings on human V1 development.
  • To trace V1 maturation from prenatal stages through aging.
  • To reconcile differing timelines of V1 development and plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical studies (histology).
  • Review of molecular studies.
  • Synthesis of findings across the lifespan, from prenatal to aging.

Main Results:

  • Human V1 development occurs across multiple timescales.
  • Some V1 features mature early in infancy.
  • Other aspects of V1 undergo gradual changes throughout the lifespan.

Conclusions:

  • V1 development is not a single event but a prolonged process.
  • Neuroplasticity in V1 extends beyond childhood into adulthood.
  • Methodological advancements are key to understanding V1's intricate developmental trajectory.