Cannabis use disorder: from neurobiology to treatment

Cannabis has been legalized for medical and recreational purposes in multiple countries. A large number of people are using cannabis and some will develop cannabis use disorder (CUD). There is a growing recognition that CUD requires specific interventions. This Review will cover this topic from a variety of perspectives, with a particular emphasis on neurobiological findings and innovative treatment approaches that are being pursued. We will first describe the epidemiology and burden of disease of CUD, including risk factors associated with CUD (both in terms of general risk and genetic risk variants). Neurobiological alterations identified in brain imaging studies will be presented. Several psychosocial interventions that are useful for the management of CUD, including motivational enhancement therapy, behavioral and cognitive therapy, and contingency management, will be covered. Although no pharmacological interventions are yet approved for CUD, we present the most promising pharmacological interventions being tested.