Corrinoid salvaging and cobamide remodeling in bacteria and archaea

Cobamides (Cbas) are cobalt-containing cyclic tetrapyrroles used by cells from all domains of life as co-catalyst of diverse reactions. There are several structural features that distinguish Cbas from one another. The most relevant of those features discussed in this review is the lower ligand, which is the nucleobase of a ribotide located in the lower face of the cyclic tetrapyrrole ring. The above-mentioned ribotide is known as the nucleotide loop, which is attached to the ring by a short linker. In Cbas, the nucleobase of the ribotide can be benzimidazole or derivatives of it, purine or derivatives of it, or phenolic compounds. Given the importance of Cbas in prokaryotic metabolism, it is not surprising that prokaryotes have evolved enzymes that cleave part or the entire nucleotide loop. This function is advantageous when Cbas contain nucleobases that somehow interfere with the function of Cba-dependent enzymes in the organism. After cleavage, Cbas are rebuilt via the nucleotide loop assembly (NLA) pathway, which includes enzymes that activate the nucleobase and the ring intermediate, followed by condensation of activated intermediates and a final dephosphorylation reaction. This exchange of nucleobases is known as Cba remodeling. The NLA pathway is used to salvage Cba precursors from the environment.