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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

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Modifying x-ray streak cameras for operation on igniting fusion experiments.

S F Khan¹, P R Nyholm¹, K J Decker¹

¹Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|October 15, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The National Ignition Facility achieved net energy gain in fusion, but diagnostic equipment failed. Modifications to the x-ray streak camera successfully mitigated an artifact, enabling reliable data collection for future experiments.

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Fusion Science
Plasma Physics
High-Energy X-ray Detection

Background:

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a historic net energy gain in a fusion experiment.
Critical diagnostic equipment, the x-ray streak camera, experienced an electronic failure during this experiment, preventing data acquisition.
A subsequent instrument artifact was identified in x-ray streak cameras, affecting data quality for high-energy x-ray signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the failure of the x-ray streak camera during a landmark fusion experiment.
To identify and mitigate an artifact causing background pedestal signals in x-ray streak camera data.
To ensure reliable diagnostic measurements for future high-energy-density plasma experiments at NIF.

Main Methods:

Replacement of a failed CCD sensor with a radiation-hardened CMOS sensor in the x-ray streak camera.
Identification of an x-ray back-fluorescence artifact originating from the accelerating mesh in the streak tube.
Mitigation of the artifact by limiting the photocathode's sensitive area.

Main Results:

The modified x-ray streak camera, utilizing a CMOS sensor, has operated successfully on repeat ignition shots.
The identified artifact, a background pedestal caused by x-ray back-fluorescence, has been effectively mitigated.
The modifications allow for accurate measurement of bang time and burn-width in fusion experiments.

Conclusions:

The successful replacement and modification of the x-ray streak camera ensure reliable data collection for NIF's fusion research.
Mitigation of the x-ray artifact is crucial for accurate diagnostics of burning plasma experiments.
These advancements support the continued pursuit of controlled fusion energy.