Sodium-based plasmonic waveguides with high confinement factors and ultra-low gain thresholds

The noble metal-based hybrid plasmon mode features low loss and strong field localization, making it widely applicable in the field of nanophotonic devices. However, due to the high loss of noble metals, the gain threshold is unacceptably high, usually larger than 0.1 µm^-1. Here we present a hybrid plasmonic waveguide consisting of a SiO₂ layer coated Na nanowire and a hexagonal semiconductor nanowire. Based on the high performance of the proposed waveguide, the Purcell factor exceeding 120 and a confinement factor above 90% are achieved, leading to an ultra-low gain threshold of 0.02117 µm^-1. In addition, the proposed waveguide exhibits an extremely low cross talk, making it highly suitable for applications in compact photonic integrated devices. The proposed waveguide may contribute to the development of low-threshold nano-lasers and promote other applications in nanophotonics.